Moran (1996) defined pre-performance routines (PPR) as "a sequence of task-relevant thoughts and actions which an athlete engages in systematically prior to his or her performance of a specific sports skill." Utilising both thoughts and actions helps to maximise the benefits of PPRs (Boutcher, 1992).
The purpose of a PPR has been suggested to place performers in an optimal emotional, high self-expectant, confident, and focused state immediately prior to the execution of their performance (Singer, 2002). Employing PPR has been regarded as a means of enhancing both the level and consistency of performance outcomes in sport (Cotterill, 2010).